Effect of the Chinese Herbal Medicinal Ingredients in Huoxiang Zhengqi Liquid on Alcohol Metabolism in Rats / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To study the changes of alcohol content and pharmacokinetic parameter in rats after taking Huoxiang Zhengqi liquid.@*METHODS@#The rats were randomly divided into three groups and given with white alcohol at the dose of 3.0 mL/kg, low-dose and high-dose Chinese medicine liquor, respectively. The blood was collected before administration and 5 min, 10 min, 15 min, 30 min, 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, 4 h, 5 h, 6 h and 8 h after administration by cutting rats' tails. The concentrations of alcohol in blood were detected by headspace-gas chromatography method. The main pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by DAS 2.0, and then analyzed by SPSS 17.0.@*RESULTS@#The difference of maximum blood concentrations between high-dose Chinese medicine alcohol group and white alcohol group was statistically significant （P<0.05）. There was no significant difference in other pharmacokinetic parameters among three groups （P>0.05）.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The Chinese herbal medicinal ingredients in the Huoxiang Zhengqi liquid has no effect on the metabolism and elimination of ethanol in rats. The research provides useful reference for the qualitative assessment and processing of traffic accident cases involved in Huoxiang Zhengqi liquid and the studies related to drug-interaction.

Effects of ethanol consumption and alcohol detoxification on the biomechanics and morphology the bone in rat femurs / Efeitos do consumo de etanol e da desintoxicação alcóolica sobre a biomecânica e morfologia óssea em fêmur de ratos

Abstract The objective of this study was to verify the effects of ethanol consumption and alcohol detoxification on the biomechanics, area and thickness of cortical and trabecular bone in rat femur. This was an experimental study in which 18 male Wistar rats were used, with 40 days of age, weighing 179±2.5 g. The rats were divided into three groups (n=06): CT (control), AC (chronic alcoholic), DT (detoxification). After experimental procedures, the animals were euthanized by an overdose of the anesthetic and their femurs were collected for mechanical testing and histological processing. All animals did not present malnutrition or dehydration during experimentation period. Morphometric analysis of cortical and trabecular bones in rat femurs demonstrated that AC animals showed inferior dimensions and alcohol detoxification (DT) allowed an enhancement in area and thickness of cortical and trabecular bone. Material and structural properties data of AC group highlighted the harmful effects of ethanol on bone mechanical properties. The results of this study demonstrated that chronic alcoholic rats (AC) presented major bone damage in all analyzed variables. Those findings suggested that alcohol detoxification is highly suggested in pre-operative planning and this corroborates to the success of bone surgery and bone tissue repair. Thanks to the financial support offered by PROBIC – UNIFENAS.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar os efeitos do consumo de etanol e da desintoxicação alcoólica sobre a biomecânica, área e espessura do osso cortical e trabecular em fêmur de ratos. Este foi um estudo experimental no qual foram utilizados 18 ratos Wistar machos, com 40 dias de vida, pesando 179±2,5 g. Os ratos foram divididos em três grupos (n=06): CT (controle), AC (alcoolista crônico), e DT (desintoxicado). Após os procedimentos experimentais os animais foram eutanaziados por uma overdose de anestésico e os fêmures coletados para os testes mecânicos e processamento histológico. Todos os animais não apresentaram desnutrição ou desidratação durante o período de experimentação. As análises morfométrica do osso cortical e trabecular demonstraram que os animais do grupo AC apresentavam dimensões inferiores, enquanto nos animais do grupo DT observou-se um aumento na área e espessura do osso cortical e trabecular. Dados dos materiais e das propriedades estruturais óssea do grupo AC destacam os efeitos nocivos do etanol sobre as propriedades mecânicas do osso. Os resultados deste estudo demonstraram que os ratos do grupo AC apresentaram danos significativos no osso em todas as variáveis ​​analisadas. Esses resultados sugerem que a desintoxicação alcoólica é recomendada no planejamento pré-operatório e isso corrobora para o sucesso de cirurgias e reparação no tecido ósseo. Agradecemos ao apoio financeiro oferecido pelo PROBIC – UNIFENAS.

Alcohol consumption and the risk of breast cancer

Epidemiologic studies addressing the association of alcohol consumption with breast cancer consistently suggest a modest association and a dose-response relationship. The epidemiologic evidence does not point to a single mechanism to explain the association, and several mechanisms have been proposed. Alcohol consumption is shown to increase levels of endogenous estrogens, known risk factors for breast cancer. This hypothesis is further supported by data showing that the alcohol-breast cancer association is limited to women with estrogen-receptor positive tumors. Products of alcohol metabolism are known to be toxic and are hypothesized to cause DNA modifications that lead to cancer. Recent research has focused on genes that influence the rate of alcohol metabolism, with genes that raise blood concentrations of acetaldehyde hypothesized to heighten breast cancer risk. Mounting evidence suggests that antioxidant intake(e.g.folate)mayreducealcohol-associatedbreast cancer risk, because it neutralizes reactive oxygen species, a second-stage product of alcohol metabolism. Diets lacking sufficient antioxidant intake, as a result, may further elevate the risk of breast cancer among alcohol consumers. Given that alcohol consumption is increasing worldwide and especially among women in countries of rapid economic growth, a greater understanding of the mechanisms underlying the known alcohol-breast cancer association is warranted.Avoiding overconsumption of alcohol is recommended, especially for women with known risk factors for breast cancer.

Diversos estudios epidemiológicos muestran la asociación del consumo de alcohol con el cáncer de mama de forma consistente, lo que sugiere una modesta asociación, y una relación de dosis-respuesta.La evidencia no apunta a un mecanismo único para explicar la asociación y varios mecanismos han sido propuestos. El consumo de alcohol incrementa los niveles endógenos de estrógeno, un riesgo conocido para cáncer de mama. Esta hipótesis es apoyada por información que muestra que la asociación entre el alcohol y el cáncer de mama está limitada a mujeres con tumores con receptores positivos de estrógeno. Es conocido que los derivados de la metabolización del alcohol son tóxicos, y se ha pensado que causan modificaciones en el DNA que llevan al cáncer. La investigación reciente se ha enfocado en genes que influencian la velocidad con la que se metaboliza el alcohol, y elevan las concentraciones de acetaldehído que se piensa puede aumentar el riesgo de cáncer de mama. La evidencia actual sugiere que la ingesta de antioxidantes (e.g. folato) puede reducirelriesgode cáncer asociadoalalcohol,porque neutraliza las especies reactivas de oxígeno, un producto de la segunda etapa del metabolismo del alcohol. Las dietas con ingesta insuficiente de antioxidantes,como resultado de esto, pueden elevar el riesgo de cáncer entre los consumidores de alcohol.Dado que el consumo de alcohol está incrementando en todo el mundo, especialmente en mujeres de países con rápido crecimiento económico, un mejor entendimiento de los mecanismos subyacentes a la asociación del cáncer de mama y el alcohol es necesario. Evitar el consumo excesivo es recomendado, especialmente para mujeres con factores de riesgo conocidos para cáncer de mama.

Efeito da desnutrição e etanol na morfologia de rins de ratos: uma revisão sistemática / Effects of malnutrition and ethanol in the morphology of kidneys of rats: a systematic review

Objetivo: revisar na literatura os efeitos da desnutrição e etanol na morfologia de rins de ratos. Método: Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática com busca de artigos na base de dados PubMed, SciELO e LILACS. Foram excluídos artigos contendo estudos com seres humanos e que não avaliassem os efeitos da desnutrição e do etanol nos rins e que não pesquisassem a morfologia renal. Resultados: para os efeitos da desnutrição, não foram encontrados artigos na base PubMed, porém foram encontrados 46 na LILACS e 2 na SciELO, totalizando 48 artigos, sendo descartados 46 artigos. Para os efeitos do etanol, foram encontrados 373 artigos na base PubMed, 13 na LILACS e 3 na SciELO, totalizando 389 artigos, sendo descartados 386 artigos. O total geral de artigos analisados foram de 437, sendo 5 selecionados para esta revisão. Conclusão: tanto a desnutrição, quanto o etanol provocam alterações na morfologia dos rins de ratos, porém ainda são bastante escassos esses estudos na literatura.

Objective: To review - in specialized literature - the effects of malnutrition and ethanol in the morphology of kidneys of rats. Methodology: A systematic review was held by searching articles in the PubMed, SciELO and LILACS database. Articles which contained studies with human beings, or did not evaluate the effects of malnutrition and ethanol in the kidneys, and those which did not research the renal morphology were excluded. Results: For the effects of malnutrition, no PubMed based articles were found; however, 46 LILACS and 2 SciELO based ones were found, which adds up to 48 articles; 46 of them were not considered. For the effects of ethanol, 373 PubMed based articles, 13 LILACS and 3 SciELO based ones were found, which adds up to 389 articles; 386 of them were not considered. The total amount of 437 articles was analyzed and 5 of them were selected for this review. Conclusion: Not only the malnutrition, but also the ethanol lead to alterations in the morphology of kidneys of rats, however, these studies are still scarce in specialized literature.

Association Between Polymorphisms of Ethanol-Metabolizing Enzymes and Susceptibility to Alcoholic Cirrhosis in a Korean Male Population

Alcohol is oxidized to acetaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and cytochrome P-4502E1 (CYP2E1), and then to acetate by aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). Polymorphisms of these ethanol-metabolizing enzymes may be associated with inter-individual difference in alcohol metabolism and susceptibility to alcoholic liver disease. We determined genotype and allele frequencies of ALDH2, CYP2E1, ADH2, and ADH3 in male Korean patients with alcoholic cirrhosis (n=56), alcoholics without evidence of liver disease (n=52), and nondrinkers (n=64) by using PCR or PCR-directed mutagenesis followed by restriction enzyme digestion. The prevalences of heterozygous ALDH2*1/*2 plus homozygous ALDH2*2/*2 in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis (7.1%) and alcoholics without evidence of liver disease (3.8%) were significantly lower than that in nondrinkers (45.3%). The c2 allele frequencies of the CYP2E1 in alcoholic cirrhosis, alcoholics without evidence of liver disease, and nondrinkers were 0.21, 0.20, and 0.20, respectively. Allele frequencies of ADH2*2 in the three groups were 0.78, 0.74, and 0.77 and those of ADH3*1 were 0.94, 0.98, and 0.95. Therefore, we confirmed the observation that the ALDH2*2 gene protects against the development of alcoholism. However, the development of cirrhosis in Korean alcoholic patients was not associated with polymorphisms of ethanol-metabolizing enzymes.

Consumo de bebidas alcoolicas: interacoes com o benzeno e outras substancias de uso ocupacional / Alcohol use: interactions with benzene and other substances at the workplace

O consumo de bebidas alcoolicas e um grave problema de saude publica, atingindo todas as faixas etarias da populacao, onde, no Brasil, estima-se que 1 entre 10 pessoas apresenta problemas com o uso indevido...

Exposiçäo humana à cocaína e ao cocaetileno: disposiçäo e parâmetros toxicocinéticos / Human exposure to cocaine and cocaethylene: disposition and toxicokinetic parameters

A fim de contribuir para o entendimento da exposiçäo humana à cocaína associada ao etanol, responsáveis tanto pelos efeitos nocivos como pelos prazerosos, esta monografia trata dos padröes de uso cocaína e seus produtos, sua disposiçäo cinética, bem como da formaçäo do produto de transesterificaçäo, com etanol: o cocaetileno. Dados relativos aos parâmetros toxicocinéticos säo descritos e discutidos.

Rol del alcohol en el reflujo gastroesofágico: estudio mediante monitoreo continuo de pH intraesofágico en voluntarios sanos / Alcohol role in gastroesophagic reflux: study by continuous intraesophagic pH monitoring in healthy voluntaries

Se estudiaron en forma prospectiva 20 sujetos de sexo masculino con una edad media de 25 años (18-36 años), asintomáticos digestivos. A éstos se les efectuó una pHmetría esofágica ambulatoria de 24 horas. En forma aleatoria consumieron 360 ml de vino tinto o 360 ml de agua durante el almuerzo y la comida, las que fueron previamente estandarizadas con un consumo de 2580 Kcal/día. Cada sujeto fue su propio control. Se consideró como episodio de reflujo cuando el pH intraesofágico fue inferior a 4,0 y se estudiaron los siguientes parámetros del análisis computacional: número total de episodios de reflujo, número de episodios mayores de 5 minutos de duración, duración del episodio más largo y porcentaje de tiempo de reflujo. Durante las comidas no se observaron diferencias significativas entre los individuos cuando consumieron agua o vino. Durante el período postprandial se observó un incremento significativo del número total de episodios de reflujo, duración del episodio de reflujo más largo, del tiempo de reflujo y del porcentaje de tiempo reflujo. Durante el período supino no se apreciaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas al comparar los individuos cuando consumieron agua o vino. Se constata un índice de reflujo mayor tras la ingestión de vino durante las comidas en sujetos sanos por lo que parece razonable evitar el uso de bebidas alcohólicas en pacientes con RGE

Ethanol elimination by rats as a function of reproductive state, gender and nutritional status

Alcohol elimination was studied in rats of different ages, reproductive states and nutritional deprivation, with the following results: 1) blood levels of ethanol 180 min after a single dose of 1.5 g/kg, ip were significantly higher in adult male (74 days old, N=5) than in young male rats (34 days old, N = 5): 92.4 ñ 8.4 vs 6.8 + 3.4 mg/lOO ml, means ñ SD, respectively; 2) when male rats were given a low protein diet for 48 h, blood ethanol levels after a single dose were significantly increased in young males (38.6 ñ 14.6 mg/l00 ml) but no effect after a single dose was found in the same animals at an older age (93.2 ñ 5.0 mg/l00 ml); 3) blood levels in female rats were higher than in young males both in the virgin and pregnant states, but during lactation a significant drop in blood levels of ethanol was observed. Blood levels of ethanol (mg/l00 ml) 180 min after a single dose of 1.5 g/kg, ip, in females, were: virgin (N=6): 44.9 ñ 16. 1, pregnant (N = 5): 40.0 ñ 10.4, lactant (N = 5): 8.8 5.8. This difference between virgin and pregnant and lactant rats was not related to changes in ADH activity which did not differ between groups. The present study indicates that in male rats the effect of a short-term protein deprivation on ethanol elimination is dependent on the age of the animal. In females, reproductive state is an important factor in determining ethanol elimination.

Studies on psychomotor performance in healthy volunteers after diazepam, propranolol and alcohol given alone or in combination.

The effects of diazepam, propranolol or alcohol alone or in combination with each other were examined in ten normal healthy volunteers on tests of psychomotor function. Results showed impaired psychomotor performance persisting upto 4-5 h when the aforementioned agents given singly were tested on simple reaction time (SRT), multiple choice reaction time (MCRT) and critical flicker fusion frequency (CFFF) tasks. Digit cancellation task (DCT) was similarly affected by diazepam and alcohol only. No summation of adverse effects on psychomotor performance was noted when a combination of diazepam and alcohol, diazepam-propranol or alcohol plus propranolol were tested on SRT and MCRT. An additive impairment of CFFF was observed with alcohol - propranolol combination only. No summation of pharmacodynamic effects on DCT were noted when different combinations were used.

Efectos de la zeolita sobre lesiones gástricas inducidas por etanolen ratas / Effects of zeolite on gastric lesions induced by ethanol in rats

Se estudió el efecto de una muestra de zeolita sobre la producción de lesiones en la mucosa gástrica de ratas inducidas por etanol y sobre la secreción ácido gástrico. La administración intragástrica de zeolita en dosis de 500 mg/kg produjo una disminución significativa del número y la severidad de las lesiones gástricas. La dosis de 100 mg/kg fue inefectiva. En el estudio de la secreción ácida gástirca se observó que la dosis de 500 mg/kg produjo un disminución significativa de la acidez y un ligero incremento de pH. La dosis de 100 mg/kg no indujo cambios en ninguna de las variables estudiadas. Concluimos que la zeolita en dosis de 500 mg/kg protegió la mucosa gástrica de las ratas frente al daño inducido por el etanol y esta protección puede estar relacionada en parte con el efecto neutralizador del ácido en el lumen gástrico

Nistagmo espontáneo y posicional por efecto de la intoxicación aguda por drogas y sustancias químicas en humanos / Spontaneous and positional nystagmus due to acute intoxication by drugs and chemical substances in human

Se realizó una intoxicación experimental en 70 personas jóvenes normales que produjo vértigo o desequilibrio. Se estudiaron dos parámetros: el nistagmo espontáneo y el posicional. Las drogas que se experimentaron fueron de uso común mientras que otras se usan por prescripción terapéutica. Estas drogas actúan sobre la homeostasis del sentido del equilibrio sea por efecto inhibitorio o exitatorio en diferentes niveles del sistema nervioso central. Las sustancias estudiadas fueron: alcohol, ketamina, pentobarbital, nicotina, xileno, etambutol, tricloroetileno, fentanil y droperidol. Todas las drogas, con excepción de la ketamina, produjeron nistagmo espontáneo y porsicional, en algunas personas contra la gravedad y en las otras a favor de ella. La información obtenida lo conduce a uno a predecir cuán mal se sentirá una persona después del uso de drogas como las fenotiazinas, dependiendo del nivel del sistema nervioso que es afectado o cuán bien se sentirá usando un agonista del GABA o un antagonista de acetilcolina, dependiendo del tipo del nistagmo espontáneo o posicional que afecte al paciente en el momento de usar alguna de estas drogas